Radio, report individuals, podcasters, performers, and everybody who works behind the scenes are in Toronto for the forty second annual Canadian Music Week, June 2-8. It’s the biggest gathering of music trade people anyplace within the nation.
Loads of schmoozing, deal-making, networking, award-giving, and knowledge-gathering will occur over the subsequent few days. CMW, because it’s recognized for brief, is one in every of many such trade occasions that happen world wide. As an everyday attendee, I can inform you that the convention and related music competition are well-organized and orderly.
This, nonetheless, was not the case on the Americana Lodge in Miami Seaside sixty-five years in the past. Issues have been so wild on the Second Annual Worldwide Radio Programming and Disk Jockey Conference in Might 1959 that Prime 40 radio and rock ‘n’ roll have been practically damaged ceaselessly.
The story of what occurred in Miami Seaside started a yr earlier in Kansas Metropolis with The Pop Music Disc Jockey Conference and Radio Programming Seminar, the primary such occasion. It attracted the most important names in radio together with reps from a half-dozen or so report labels. One visitor speaker was the rock-hating Mitch Miller of Columbia Data who noticed this new rock ‘n’ roll factor as a scourge on tradition, society, and particularly the youth of America. He scolded the assembled group for enjoying this music and urged everybody to return to taking part in correct songs by artists resembling Frank Sinatra and Lena Horne. He was an actual downer.
Organizer Todd Storz, one of many inventors of the Prime 40 radio format, determined to vary route in 1959. The brand new venue was the Americana, proper on the seaside alongside 97th Avenue in Bal Harbor. This second conference was billed as a possibility for individuals concerned with the brand new Prime 40 rock ’n’ roll radio format to trade concepts and to learn to make their packages and radio stations higher. There have been audio system, panels, and shows. President Dwight Eisenhower gave a filmed deal with. Robert King, the mayor of Miami, declared it “Disk Jockey Week” within the metropolis. On the floor, the conference seemed like every other trade gathering.
Not fairly.
This was a possibility for 19 report labels and dozens of report males to wine and dine DJs — all of whom have been males, by the way in which — in hopes of currying favour and affect over what data they performed on their radio reveals again house. They knew these males have been so highly effective and influential with their audiences that they might make or break songs. The lads on the air needed to be onside if anybody hoped to have a success report.
And the way did they plan to try this? By displaying them one of the best and craziest time of their lives.
About 2,500 DJs, about half the quantity working within the U.S., made the all-expenses-paid journey to Miami. Massive singers and wannabe stars have been there to mingle and be interviewed. Everybody bought limo rides from the airport. Upon check-in, everybody was given $1 million in play cash which they have been inspired to gamble on video games fastened so they might win. That cash might then be utilized in an public sale for actual merch like TVs, journeys to Europe, and even a model new Studebaker.
The DJs have been provided a lot of liquor and medicines. One occasion hosted by Morris Levy, the infamous head of Roulette Data, went by way of 2,000 bottles of bourbon. Hookers have been introduced in — even from abroad. Guarantees of money funds for future concerns have been made. It was an extremely wild occasion that price the labels about US$120,000, which is value greater than US$1.1 million in at this time’s cash.
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Issues have been so outrageous that on the final day of the conference (Might 31, 1959), The Miami Information ran a narrative beneath the headline “For Deejays: Babes, Booze, and Bribes.” DJs, the article stated, “got the best buttering-up since Nero was persuaded he was a fiddle virtuoso. … One promotion man stated, ‘You should buy a few of them with an air conditioner; some with cash, some with a lady.’”
[A typical DJ salary at the time was $50 a week, so any grease was welcome].
The article continued: “‘I might guess,’ stated one [promotion man], ‘that the payoffs to the disc jockeys in a single kind or one other run to nicely over $1,000,000 a yr. It’s a awful scenario, however I don’t see how something might be finished about it. As we inform them on a regular basis, with out the disc jockeys, we’re lifeless.’”
This was dangerous — dangerous publicity. Payola — the follow of bribing somebody to play your track on the radio — had been round so long as business radio and wasn’t unlawful. Possibly trade leaders didn’t prefer it, however what have been they going to do? The scandalous conduct in Miami opened the door to combating again. It wasn’t lengthy earlier than trade publications like Billboard, Selection, and Cashbox have been writing in regards to the scourge of payola and the distortions it created within the market.
The tales of what occurred in Miami solely added to a rising disaster of confidence in America. After having to endure Joseph McCarthy’s Crimson Scare earlier within the decade, one thing that shook America’s confidence of their leaders, the nation then needed to cope with the TV quiz present scandal. Within the late Nineteen Fifties, an enormous authorities investigation revealed that common recreation reveals like Twenty One have been fastened in favour of sure contestants.
The next yr, there was the “plugola” disaster, the place the general public discovered that some celebrities endorsed services which they didn’t use. It was all for the cash. This was branded as false, dishonest, and misleading promoting and wanted to be stopped.
After which, within the wake of duplicitous politicians spewing faux information about commies in Washington, rigged recreation reveals, and the revelation that TV promoting was constructed on lies, People discovered that every one the music they heard on the radio was purchased and paid for.
One thing wanted to be finished. And perhaps, thought some politicians, church teams, and old-school report individuals, the scourge of rock ‘n’ roll could possibly be worn out on the similar time.
All through the summer season and fall of 1959, strain constructed on radio stations to do one thing about their DJs’ errant methods lest they lose their worthwhile broadcast licences. Even earlier than the Home Particular Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight held hearings on the matter in late 1959 and early 1960, DJs throughout the nation have been fired due to their payola practices. Once more, whereas unethical was not unlawful, and one thing to which most turned a blind eye.
A few of the greatest names in radio have been referred to as to testify. Alan Freed, the person who gave this new music the title “rock ‘n’ roll” whereas working at WINS in New York, turned the sacrificial lamb. He was charged beneath New York State’s business bribery legal guidelines and fined $300. The conviction ruined his profession, sending him right into a spiral of alcoholism. He died broke in 1965, owing the IRS practically $40,000.
One other individual within the sizzling seat was Tommy Smalls, a New York DJ who labored beneath the title Dr. Jive. He wasn’t convicted of something, however he was pushed out of radio. He’d later make a comeback as a promotion supervisor with Polydor Data and in addition co-founded the Nationwide Affiliation of TV and Radio Announcers.
However man who skated probably the most was Dick Clark. As a radio man and host of American Bandstand, he was within the thick of every part that was occurring in rock ‘n’ roll. He held shares in seven indie labels, six music publishing corporations, three report distributers, two expertise businesses, a report urgent plant — 33 music-related corporations in whole. He was in a position to escape any prosecution by promoting off all these pursuits. His clean-cut picture prompted committee chairman Oren Harris to name him “a wonderful younger man.” He went on to turn out to be one in every of America’s most beloved media personalities. When he died in 2012, his web value was estimated at US$150 million.
After the hearings wrapped up in 1960, payola was formally declared a criminal offense punishable by a wonderful of as much as $10,000 and a yr in jail. The American radio and report trade was essentially modified. DJs have been now not allowed to pick out what they performed on their reveals. Administration — program administrators and music administrators — now made these choices.
The 1959 DJ conference was Todd Storz’s final such occasion. And the issue of payola was solved, proper? Nope. Loopholes within the new legal guidelines allowed funds to proceed however in much less blatant and extra secretive back-door methods. As an alternative of getting to cope with a number of DJs, their level of contact was decreased to only one or two individuals — this system director and/or music director — per station. Enterprise continued as traditional in a way more environment friendly means.
Payola scandals blew up once more in 1974, the late Nineteen Eighties, and the ’90s. New York state settled some excessive profile circumstances introduced towards report labels and radio stations in 2005 and 2006. My contacts in U.S. radio inform me that variations of payola nonetheless exist at this time. It’s simply that the primary rule of payola is that you just don’t speak about payola.
I do want to say this. I’ve been within the Canadian radio enterprise for practically 43 years, working at and operating some fairly large radio stations alongside the way in which. I’ve by no means, ever been provided something in trade for enjoying a report. I’ve by no means, ever heard of any existence of American-style payola on this nation. Not as soon as. We’re both super-squeaky clear up right here or I’m extremely naive.
Both means, I by no means bought my free air conditioner.
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Alan Cross is a broadcaster with Q107 and 102.1 the Edge and a commentator for World Information.
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